{
 "study": "s16",
 "version": "1.1",
 "collected": "2026-09-26",
 "reanalyzed": "2026-09-28",
 "statistics": {
  "collected": "2026-09-26",
  "reanalyzed": "2026-09-28",
  "answers": 316,
  "brands": 79,
  "engines": [
   "ChatGPT",
   "Gemini",
   "Perplexity",
   "Google AI Mode"
  ],
  "answer_outcomes": {
   "ChatGPT": {
    "answers": 79,
    "complete": 75,
    "incomplete": 4,
    "no_source_at_all": 3,
    "no_inline_citation": 3
   },
   "Gemini": {
    "answers": 79,
    "complete": 79,
    "no_source_at_all": 3,
    "no_inline_citation": 9
   },
   "Perplexity": {
    "answers": 79,
    "complete": 79,
    "no_source_at_all": 0,
    "no_inline_citation": 0
   },
   "Google AI Mode": {
    "answers": 79,
    "complete": 79,
    "no_source_at_all": 0,
    "no_inline_citation": 0
   }
  },
  "source_classes_share_of_answers": {
   "Review or complaint platform": {
    "all": 88.0,
    "ci95": [
     83.9,
     91.5
    ],
    "ChatGPT": 92.4,
    "Gemini": 68.4,
    "Perplexity": 97.5,
    "Google AI Mode": 93.7
   },
   "Forum, social or video": {
    "all": 28.2,
    "ci95": [
     22.5,
     34.5
    ],
    "ChatGPT": 11.4,
    "Gemini": 26.6,
    "Perplexity": 31.6,
    "Google AI Mode": 43.0
   },
   "Editorial review or comparison site": {
    "all": 40.8,
    "ci95": [
     34.2,
     47.2
    ],
    "ChatGPT": 7.6,
    "Gemini": 48.1,
    "Perplexity": 74.7,
    "Google AI Mode": 32.9
   },
   "News media": {
    "all": 17.7,
    "ci95": [
     13.9,
     21.5
    ],
    "ChatGPT": 1.3,
    "Gemini": 6.3,
    "Perplexity": 54.4,
    "Google AI Mode": 8.9
   },
   "Government or regulator": {
    "all": 8.2,
    "ci95": [
     5.4,
     11.7
    ],
    "ChatGPT": 15.2,
    "Gemini": 0.0,
    "Perplexity": 15.2,
    "Google AI Mode": 2.5
   },
   "Consumer advocacy nonprofit": {
    "all": 8.2,
    "ci95": [
     4.4,
     12.7
    ],
    "ChatGPT": 5.1,
    "Gemini": 3.8,
    "Perplexity": 16.5,
    "Google AI Mode": 7.6
   },
   "Encyclopedia or scholarly reference": {
    "all": 13.9,
    "ci95": [
     10.1,
     17.7
    ],
    "ChatGPT": 0.0,
    "Gemini": 6.3,
    "Perplexity": 43.0,
    "Google AI Mode": 6.3
   },
   "Another company\u2019s website": {
    "all": 37.7,
    "ci95": [
     32.0,
     43.4
    ],
    "ChatGPT": 20.3,
    "Gemini": 44.3,
    "Perplexity": 69.6,
    "Google AI Mode": 16.5
   },
   "The brand\u2019s own website": {
    "all": 51.6,
    "ci95": [
     47.2,
     56.3
    ],
    "ChatGPT": 70.9,
    "Gemini": 22.8,
    "Perplexity": 94.9,
    "Google AI Mode": 17.7
   }
  },
  "source_classes_share_of_citations": {
   "ChatGPT": {
    "Review or complaint platform": 56.3,
    "Forum, social or video": 3.3,
    "Editorial review or comparison site": 2.2,
    "News media": 0.4,
    "Government or regulator": 5.2,
    "Consumer advocacy nonprofit": 1.9,
    "Encyclopedia or scholarly reference": 0.0,
    "Another company\u2019s website": 7.4,
    "The brand\u2019s own website": 23.3
   },
   "Gemini": {
    "Review or complaint platform": 36.5,
    "Forum, social or video": 8.4,
    "Editorial review or comparison site": 25.5,
    "News media": 1.9,
    "Government or regulator": 0.0,
    "Consumer advocacy nonprofit": 1.1,
    "Encyclopedia or scholarly reference": 1.9,
    "Another company\u2019s website": 17.9,
    "The brand\u2019s own website": 6.8
   },
   "Perplexity": {
    "Review or complaint platform": 24.3,
    "Forum, social or video": 3.0,
    "Editorial review or comparison site": 25.8,
    "News media": 13.3,
    "Government or regulator": 1.6,
    "Consumer advocacy nonprofit": 1.6,
    "Encyclopedia or scholarly reference": 4.3,
    "Another company\u2019s website": 14.1,
    "The brand\u2019s own website": 11.9
   },
   "Google AI Mode": {
    "Review or complaint platform": 53.3,
    "Forum, social or video": 14.5,
    "Editorial review or comparison site": 11.8,
    "News media": 2.7,
    "Government or regulator": 1.2,
    "Consumer advocacy nonprofit": 2.4,
    "Encyclopedia or scholarly reference": 2.0,
    "Another company\u2019s website": 6.3,
    "The brand\u2019s own website": 5.9
   },
   "All engines": {
    "Review or complaint platform": 35.9,
    "Forum, social or video": 5.6,
    "Editorial review or comparison site": 19.8,
    "News media": 7.8,
    "Government or regulator": 1.9,
    "Consumer advocacy nonprofit": 1.7,
    "Encyclopedia or scholarly reference": 2.9,
    "Another company\u2019s website": 12.4,
    "The brand\u2019s own website": 12.1
   }
  },
  "concentration": {
   "all": {
    "hhi": 0.0328,
    "effective_number_of_sources": 30.5,
    "top1_share": 12.5,
    "top3_share": 26.9,
    "top5_share": 34.1,
    "distinct_domains": 484,
    "citations": 1667
   },
   "ChatGPT": {
    "hhi": 0.0962,
    "effective_number_of_sources": 10.4,
    "top1_share": 21.5,
    "top3_share": 48.5,
    "top5_share": 55.2,
    "distinct_domains": 104,
    "citations": 270
   },
   "Gemini": {
    "hhi": 0.0283,
    "effective_number_of_sources": 35.4,
    "top1_share": 10.3,
    "top3_share": 21.3,
    "top5_share": 31.6,
    "distinct_domains": 134,
    "citations": 263
   },
   "Perplexity": {
    "hhi": 0.0182,
    "effective_number_of_sources": 54.9,
    "top1_share": 7.6,
    "top3_share": 18.3,
    "top5_share": 25.1,
    "distinct_domains": 376,
    "citations": 879
   },
   "Google AI Mode": {
    "hhi": 0.0946,
    "effective_number_of_sources": 10.6,
    "top1_share": 23.5,
    "top3_share": 48.6,
    "top5_share": 54.9,
    "distinct_domains": 67,
    "citations": 255
   },
   "note": "citation = a domain cited at least once in an answer; HHI over domain shares of those citations",
   "review_platforms": {
    "hhi": 0.2137,
    "effective_number_of_sources": 4.7,
    "top1_share": 34.7,
    "top3_share": 73.5,
    "top5_share": 82.0,
    "distinct_domains": 36,
    "citations": 600,
    "top2": [
     "trustpilot.com",
     "bbb.org"
    ],
    "top2_share_of_review_platform_citations": 61.7
   }
  },
  "top_domains_share_of_answers": [
   [
    "trustpilot.com",
    208,
    65.8,
    "Review or complaint platform"
   ],
   [
    "bbb.org",
    162,
    51.3,
    "Review or complaint platform"
   ],
   [
    "reddit.com",
    78,
    24.7,
    "Forum, social or video"
   ],
   [
    "consumeraffairs.com",
    71,
    22.5,
    "Review or complaint platform"
   ],
   [
    "forbes.com",
    49,
    15.5,
    "Editorial review or comparison site"
   ],
   [
    "wikipedia.org",
    37,
    11.7,
    "Encyclopedia or scholarly reference"
   ],
   [
    "nerdwallet.com",
    32,
    10.1,
    "Editorial review or comparison site"
   ],
   [
    "g2.com",
    30,
    9.5,
    "Review or complaint platform"
   ],
   [
    "pissedconsumer.com",
    21,
    6.6,
    "Review or complaint platform"
   ],
   [
    "capterra.com",
    20,
    6.3,
    "Review or complaint platform"
   ],
   [
    "google.com",
    17,
    5.4,
    "Review or complaint platform"
   ],
   [
    "usnews.com",
    16,
    5.1,
    "Editorial review or comparison site"
   ],
   [
    "marketwatch.com",
    16,
    5.1,
    "Editorial review or comparison site"
   ],
   [
    "businessinsider.com",
    14,
    4.4,
    "News media"
   ],
   [
    "yahoo.com",
    12,
    3.8,
    "News media"
   ]
  ],
  "domain_class_counts": {
   "consumer_advocacy": 10,
   "news_media": 73,
   "other_business": 240,
   "government_regulator": 14,
   "review_platform": 36,
   "editorial_review": 97,
   "reference": 9,
   "community_forum": 5
  },
  "evidence_diversity": {
   "ChatGPT": {
    "median_domains": 3,
    "median_source_classes": 2,
    "single_class_answers_pct": 20.3
   },
   "Gemini": {
    "median_domains": 3,
    "median_source_classes": 2,
    "single_class_answers_pct": 17.7
   },
   "Perplexity": {
    "median_domains": 11,
    "median_source_classes": 5,
    "single_class_answers_pct": 0.0
   },
   "Google AI Mode": {
    "median_domains": 3,
    "median_source_classes": 2,
    "single_class_answers_pct": 17.7
   },
   "domains_vs_classes_spearman": 0.84
  },
  "complete_answers": 312,
  "structure": {
   "all": {
    "positive": 0.0,
    "legit_mild_concerns": 38.8,
    "legit_substantial_concerns": 61.2,
    "ambiguous": 0.0,
    "negative": 0.0,
    "undetermined": 0.0
   },
   "ChatGPT": {
    "positive": 0.0,
    "legit_mild_concerns": 24.0,
    "legit_substantial_concerns": 76.0,
    "ambiguous": 0.0,
    "negative": 0.0,
    "undetermined": 0.0
   },
   "Gemini": {
    "positive": 0.0,
    "legit_mild_concerns": 54.4,
    "legit_substantial_concerns": 45.6,
    "ambiguous": 0.0,
    "negative": 0.0,
    "undetermined": 0.0
   },
   "Perplexity": {
    "positive": 0.0,
    "legit_mild_concerns": 22.8,
    "legit_substantial_concerns": 77.2,
    "ambiguous": 0.0,
    "negative": 0.0,
    "undetermined": 0.0
   },
   "Google AI Mode": {
    "positive": 0.0,
    "legit_mild_concerns": 53.2,
    "legit_substantial_concerns": 46.8,
    "ambiguous": 0.0,
    "negative": 0.0,
    "undetermined": 0.0
   },
   "ci95_substantial": [
    53.7,
    68.2
   ]
  },
  "legitimacy": {
   "all": {
    "affirmed": 96.5,
    "affirmed_with_caveats": 3.5,
    "ambiguous": 0.0,
    "denied": 0.0,
    "not_addressed": 0.0
   },
   "ChatGPT": {
    "affirmed": 94.7,
    "affirmed_with_caveats": 5.3,
    "ambiguous": 0.0,
    "denied": 0.0,
    "not_addressed": 0.0
   },
   "Gemini": {
    "affirmed": 98.7,
    "affirmed_with_caveats": 1.3,
    "ambiguous": 0.0,
    "denied": 0.0,
    "not_addressed": 0.0
   },
   "Perplexity": {
    "affirmed": 94.9,
    "affirmed_with_caveats": 5.1,
    "ambiguous": 0.0,
    "denied": 0.0,
    "not_addressed": 0.0
   },
   "Google AI Mode": {
    "affirmed": 97.5,
    "affirmed_with_caveats": 2.5,
    "ambiguous": 0.0,
    "denied": 0.0,
    "not_addressed": 0.0
   }
  },
  "first_sentence_frame": {
   "all": {
    "affirms": 85.8,
    "qualified": 11.4,
    "no_verdict": 2.8,
    "doubts": 0.0
   },
   "ChatGPT": {
    "affirms": 81.0,
    "qualified": 7.6,
    "no_verdict": 11.4,
    "doubts": 0.0
   },
   "Gemini": {
    "affirms": 98.7,
    "qualified": 1.3,
    "no_verdict": 0.0,
    "doubts": 0.0
   },
   "Perplexity": {
    "affirms": 68.4,
    "qualified": 31.6,
    "no_verdict": 0.0,
    "doubts": 0.0
   },
   "Google AI Mode": {
    "affirms": 94.9,
    "qualified": 5.1,
    "no_verdict": 0.0,
    "doubts": 0.0
   }
  },
  "first_sentence_affirms_any": {
   "all": 97.2,
   "ChatGPT": 88.6,
   "Gemini": 100.0,
   "Perplexity": 100.0,
   "Google AI Mode": 100.0
  },
  "legit_but": {
   "affirming_answers": 312,
   "with_negative_claim_pct": 99.7,
   "median_negative_share_of_claims": 33.3,
   "negative_claims_outnumber_positive_pct": 20.2,
   "negative_in_first_paragraph_pct": 10.9,
   "ci95_negative_outnumber": [
    14.6,
    25.6
   ]
  },
  "uncertainty": {
   "all": 66.0,
   "ChatGPT": 88.0,
   "Gemini": 63.3,
   "Perplexity": 68.4,
   "Google AI Mode": 45.6
  },
  "claims": {
   "total": 5188,
   "median_per_answer": {
    "ChatGPT": 19,
    "Gemini": 15,
    "Perplexity": 18,
    "Google AI Mode": 14,
    "all": 16.0
   },
   "polarity": {
    "all": {
     "positive": 49.5,
     "negative": 35.5,
     "mixed": 8.2,
     "neutral": 6.7
    },
    "ChatGPT": {
     "positive": 44.4,
     "negative": 37.6,
     "mixed": 8.8,
     "neutral": 9.2
    },
    "Gemini": {
     "positive": 57.2,
     "negative": 27.9,
     "mixed": 8.1,
     "neutral": 6.8
    },
    "Perplexity": {
     "positive": 44.9,
     "negative": 43.5,
     "mixed": 8.3,
     "neutral": 3.3
    },
    "Google AI Mode": {
     "positive": 54.4,
     "negative": 30.3,
     "mixed": 7.6,
     "neutral": 7.7
    }
   },
   "function": {
    "all": {
     "legitimacy": 11.4,
     "identity": 12.9,
     "rating": 8.0,
     "customer_experience": 16.1,
     "customer_service": 12.0,
     "billing": 12.5,
     "product_quality": 22.0,
     "legal_regulatory": 2.1,
     "expert_assessment": 1.9,
     "other": 1.0
    }
   },
   "negative_by_function": {
    "legitimacy": {
     "claims": 594,
     "negative_pct": 0.3
    },
    "identity": {
     "claims": 670,
     "negative_pct": 4.5
    },
    "rating": {
     "claims": 417,
     "negative_pct": 36.5
    },
    "customer_experience": {
     "claims": 836,
     "negative_pct": 27.2
    },
    "customer_service": {
     "claims": 621,
     "negative_pct": 69.7
    },
    "billing": {
     "claims": 646,
     "negative_pct": 71.2
    },
    "product_quality": {
     "claims": 1140,
     "negative_pct": 37.2
    },
    "legal_regulatory": {
     "claims": 111,
     "negative_pct": 81.1
    },
    "expert_assessment": {
     "claims": 100,
     "negative_pct": 8.0
    },
    "other": {
     "claims": 53,
     "negative_pct": 28.3
    }
   },
   "cited_pct": {
    "all": 71.0,
    "ChatGPT": 65.0,
    "Gemini": 64.8,
    "Perplexity": 93.3,
    "Google AI Mode": 56.7
   },
   "negative_prevalence": {
    "quantified": 11.4,
    "generalized": 66.0,
    "anecdotal": 14.1,
    "none": 8.0
   },
   "names_a_source_pct": 29.8
  },
  "answers_with_function": {
   "customer_service": {
    "all": 76.6,
    "ChatGPT": 81.3,
    "Gemini": 65.8,
    "Perplexity": 84.8,
    "Google AI Mode": 74.7
   },
   "billing": {
    "all": 70.2,
    "ChatGPT": 72.0,
    "Gemini": 70.9,
    "Perplexity": 64.6,
    "Google AI Mode": 73.4
   },
   "product_quality": {
    "all": 66.3,
    "ChatGPT": 72.0,
    "Gemini": 67.1,
    "Perplexity": 62.0,
    "Google AI Mode": 64.6
   },
   "legal_regulatory": {
    "all": 20.8,
    "ChatGPT": 40.0,
    "Gemini": 2.5,
    "Perplexity": 40.5,
    "Google AI Mode": 1.3
   },
   "rating": {
    "all": 34.3,
    "ChatGPT": 56.0,
    "Gemini": 6.3,
    "Perplexity": 65.8,
    "Google AI Mode": 10.1
   }
  },
  "polarity_by_source_class": {
   "Review or complaint platform": {
    "claims": 1542,
    "negative_pct": 56.5,
    "positive_pct": 33.9,
    "functions_top3": [
     [
      "product_quality",
      21.1
     ],
     [
      "customer_service",
      19.4
     ],
     [
      "rating",
      15.5
     ]
    ]
   },
   "Forum, social or video": {
    "claims": 140,
    "negative_pct": 40.0,
    "positive_pct": 45.7,
    "functions_top3": [
     [
      "product_quality",
      34.3
     ],
     [
      "billing",
      19.3
     ],
     [
      "customer_experience",
      15.0
     ]
    ]
   },
   "Editorial review or comparison site": {
    "claims": 351,
    "negative_pct": 19.9,
    "positive_pct": 65.8,
    "functions_top3": [
     [
      "product_quality",
      25.6
     ],
     [
      "identity",
      16.0
     ],
     [
      "billing",
      14.8
     ]
    ]
   },
   "News media": {
    "claims": 41,
    "negative_pct": 36.6,
    "positive_pct": 36.6,
    "functions_top3": [
     [
      "identity",
      22.0
     ],
     [
      "product_quality",
      17.1
     ],
     [
      "legal_regulatory",
      12.2
     ]
    ]
   },
   "Another company\u2019s website": {
    "claims": 210,
    "negative_pct": 30.5,
    "positive_pct": 59.0,
    "functions_top3": [
     [
      "product_quality",
      40.0
     ],
     [
      "identity",
      12.4
     ],
     [
      "billing",
      11.0
     ]
    ]
   },
   "The brand\u2019s own website": {
    "claims": 377,
    "negative_pct": 6.4,
    "positive_pct": 66.3,
    "functions_top3": [
     [
      "identity",
      25.2
     ],
     [
      "legitimacy",
      18.3
     ],
     [
      "billing",
      16.4
     ]
    ]
   },
   "No citation attached": {
    "claims": 1507,
    "negative_pct": 24.4,
    "positive_pct": 54.7
   }
  },
  "engine_profile": {
   "ChatGPT": {
    "review_platform_answers_pct": 92.4,
    "government_answers_pct": 15.2,
    "community_answers_pct": 11.4,
    "brand_owned_answers_pct": 70.9,
    "editorial_answers_pct": 7.6,
    "negative_claims_pct": 37.6,
    "median_source_classes": 2,
    "negative_first_paragraph_pct": 9.3,
    "claims_cited_pct": 65.0,
    "effective_number_of_sources": 10.4
   },
   "Gemini": {
    "review_platform_answers_pct": 68.4,
    "government_answers_pct": 0.0,
    "community_answers_pct": 26.6,
    "brand_owned_answers_pct": 22.8,
    "editorial_answers_pct": 48.1,
    "negative_claims_pct": 27.9,
    "median_source_classes": 2,
    "negative_first_paragraph_pct": 1.3,
    "claims_cited_pct": 64.8,
    "effective_number_of_sources": 35.4
   },
   "Perplexity": {
    "review_platform_answers_pct": 97.5,
    "government_answers_pct": 15.2,
    "community_answers_pct": 31.6,
    "brand_owned_answers_pct": 94.9,
    "editorial_answers_pct": 74.7,
    "negative_claims_pct": 43.5,
    "median_source_classes": 5,
    "negative_first_paragraph_pct": 31.6,
    "claims_cited_pct": 93.3,
    "effective_number_of_sources": 54.9
   },
   "Google AI Mode": {
    "review_platform_answers_pct": 93.7,
    "government_answers_pct": 2.5,
    "community_answers_pct": 43.0,
    "brand_owned_answers_pct": 17.7,
    "editorial_answers_pct": 32.9,
    "negative_claims_pct": 30.3,
    "median_source_classes": 2,
    "negative_first_paragraph_pct": 1.3,
    "claims_cited_pct": 56.7,
    "effective_number_of_sources": 10.6
   }
  },
  "models": {
   "cites_trustpilot": {
    "Gemini": {
     "odds_ratio": 0.21,
     "ci95": [
      0.1,
      0.44
     ],
     "p": 2.12e-05
    },
    "Google AI Mode": {
     "odds_ratio": 1.5,
     "ci95": [
      0.79,
      2.85
     ],
     "p": 0.218
    },
    "Perplexity": {
     "odds_ratio": 2.72,
     "ci95": [
      1.25,
      5.91
     ],
     "p": 0.0117
    },
    "widely named": {
     "odds_ratio": 1.22,
     "ci95": [
      0.68,
      2.18
     ],
     "p": 0.505
    },
    "engine_x_group_interaction_p": 0.426,
    "mixed_model_check": {
     "brand_random_intercept_sd": 0.8,
     "Gemini": 0.17,
     "Google AI Mode": 1.61,
     "Perplexity": 3.13
    }
   },
   "cites_bbb": {
    "Gemini": {
     "odds_ratio": 0.05,
     "ci95": [
      0.02,
      0.11
     ],
     "p": 4.22e-13
    },
    "Google AI Mode": {
     "odds_ratio": 0.19,
     "ci95": [
      0.1,
      0.36
     ],
     "p": 2.07e-07
    },
    "Perplexity": {
     "odds_ratio": 1.0,
     "ci95": [
      0.61,
      1.65
     ],
     "p": 1.0
    },
    "widely named": {
     "odds_ratio": 1.04,
     "ci95": [
      0.49,
      2.23
     ],
     "p": 0.917
    },
    "engine_x_group_interaction_p": 0.542,
    "mixed_model_check": {
     "brand_random_intercept_sd": 2.24,
     "Gemini": 0.01,
     "Google AI Mode": 0.08,
     "Perplexity": 1.27
    }
   },
   "cites_reddit": {
    "Gemini": {
     "odds_ratio": 1.87,
     "ci95": [
      0.79,
      4.42
     ],
     "p": 0.157
    },
    "Google AI Mode": {
     "odds_ratio": 5.76,
     "ci95": [
      2.58,
      12.88
     ],
     "p": 1.99e-05
    },
    "Perplexity": {
     "odds_ratio": 3.15,
     "ci95": [
      1.34,
      7.42
     ],
     "p": 0.00855
    },
    "widely named": {
     "odds_ratio": 1.29,
     "ci95": [
      0.71,
      2.36
     ],
     "p": 0.401
    },
    "engine_x_group_interaction_p": 0.16,
    "mixed_model_check": {
     "brand_random_intercept_sd": 0.73,
     "Gemini": 1.57,
     "Google AI Mode": 5.57,
     "Perplexity": 2.83
    }
   },
   "cites_brand_owned": {
    "Gemini": {
     "odds_ratio": 0.11,
     "ci95": [
      0.06,
      0.24
     ],
     "p": 4.45e-09
    },
    "Google AI Mode": {
     "odds_ratio": 0.08,
     "ci95": [
      0.04,
      0.17
     ],
     "p": 1.22e-11
    },
    "Perplexity": {
     "odds_ratio": 8.09,
     "ci95": [
      2.72,
      24.11
     ],
     "p": 0.000174
    },
    "widely named": {
     "odds_ratio": 0.82,
     "ci95": [
      0.44,
      1.53
     ],
     "p": 0.541
    },
    "engine_x_group_interaction_p": 0.651,
    "mixed_model_check": {
     "brand_random_intercept_sd": 0.64,
     "Gemini": 0.1,
     "Google AI Mode": 0.07,
     "Perplexity": 9.69
    }
   },
   "cites_government_regulator": {
    "Gemini": {
     "odds_ratio": 0.0,
     "ci95": [
      0.0,
      0.0
     ],
     "p": 0.000597
    },
    "Google AI Mode": {
     "odds_ratio": 0.13,
     "ci95": [
      0.03,
      0.57
     ],
     "p": 0.00707
    },
    "Perplexity": {
     "odds_ratio": 1.0,
     "ci95": [
      0.39,
      2.55
     ],
     "p": 1.0
    },
    "widely named": {
     "odds_ratio": 1.49,
     "ci95": [
      0.63,
      3.49
     ],
     "p": 0.362
    },
    "engine_x_group_interaction_p": 1.0,
    "mixed_model_check": {
     "brand_random_intercept_sd": 0.57,
     "Gemini": 0.03,
     "Google AI Mode": 0.14,
     "Perplexity": 1.07
    }
   },
   "negative_in_first_paragraph": {
    "Gemini": {
     "odds_ratio": 0.13,
     "ci95": [
      0.02,
      0.94
     ],
     "p": 0.0437
    },
    "Google AI Mode": {
     "odds_ratio": 0.13,
     "ci95": [
      0.02,
      0.94
     ],
     "p": 0.0437
    },
    "Perplexity": {
     "odds_ratio": 5.28,
     "ci95": [
      2.11,
      13.23
     ],
     "p": 0.000378
    },
    "widely named": {
     "odds_ratio": 1.08,
     "ci95": [
      0.43,
      2.74
     ],
     "p": 0.871
    },
    "engine_x_group_interaction_p": "not estimable (separation)",
    "mixed_model_check": {
     "brand_random_intercept_sd": 0.86,
     "Gemini": 0.12,
     "Google AI Mode": 0.12,
     "Perplexity": 6.37
    }
   },
   "substantial": {
    "Gemini": {
     "odds_ratio": 0.21,
     "ci95": [
      0.11,
      0.4
     ],
     "p": 2.12e-06
    },
    "Google AI Mode": {
     "odds_ratio": 0.23,
     "ci95": [
      0.12,
      0.43
     ],
     "p": 7.13e-06
    },
    "Perplexity": {
     "odds_ratio": 1.06,
     "ci95": [
      0.57,
      1.98
     ],
     "p": 0.846
    },
    "widely named": {
     "odds_ratio": 0.69,
     "ci95": [
      0.35,
      1.36
     ],
     "p": 0.28
    },
    "engine_x_group_interaction_p": 0.666,
    "mixed_model_check": {
     "brand_random_intercept_sd": 1.54,
     "Gemini": 0.14,
     "Google AI Mode": 0.15,
     "Perplexity": 1.26
    }
   },
   "uncertainty": {
    "Gemini": {
     "odds_ratio": 0.22,
     "ci95": [
      0.1,
      0.47
     ],
     "p": 0.000112
    },
    "Google AI Mode": {
     "odds_ratio": 0.1,
     "ci95": [
      0.04,
      0.21
     ],
     "p": 4.66e-09
    },
    "Perplexity": {
     "odds_ratio": 0.28,
     "ci95": [
      0.14,
      0.56
     ],
     "p": 0.000392
    },
    "widely named": {
     "odds_ratio": 1.23,
     "ci95": [
      0.67,
      2.28
     ],
     "p": 0.502
    },
    "engine_x_group_interaction_p": 0.678,
    "mixed_model_check": {
     "brand_random_intercept_sd": 1.05,
     "Gemini": 0.21,
     "Google AI Mode": 0.08,
     "Perplexity": 0.28
    }
   },
   "spec": "GEE logistic, exchangeable working correlation within brand, cluster-robust 95% intervals; fixed effects engine (ref ChatGPT), brand group (ref named by one assistant), industry. Interaction p = Wald test of engine x group. Check: brand random-intercept logistic model (variational Bayes), engine odds ratios."
  },
  "by_group": {
   "cites_review_platform": {
    "widely": 85.6,
    "one": 90.4,
    "diff_ci95": [
     -12.8,
     2.7
    ]
   },
   "cites_brand_owned": {
    "widely": 50.0,
    "one": 53.2,
    "diff_ci95": [
     -12.1,
     5.9
    ]
   },
   "cites_trustpilot": {
    "widely": 67.5,
    "one": 64.1,
    "diff_ci95": [
     -7.7,
     14.6
    ]
   },
   "substantial_concerns": {
    "widely": 58.1,
    "one": 64.5,
    "diff_ci95": [
     -20.1,
     7.8
    ]
   },
   "negative_first_paragraph": {
    "widely": 10.0,
    "one": 11.8,
    "diff_ci95": [
     -8.9,
     5.1
    ]
   },
   "billing_negative": {
    "widely": 80.6,
    "one": 59.2,
    "diff_ci95": [
     7.6,
     35.5
    ]
   },
   "median_source_classes": {
    "widely named": 3.0,
    "named by one": 2.0
   }
  },
  "cross_engine": {
   "brands_with_4_complete": 75,
   "all_four_same_structure_pct": 38.7,
   "mean_domain_jaccard_same_brand": 0.2
  },
  "validation": {
   "first_sentence_frame": {
    "n": 316,
    "agreement_pct": 89.9,
    "kappa": 0.63
   },
   "legitimacy": {
    "n": 316,
    "agreement_pct": 79.1,
    "kappa": 0.16
   },
   "structure": {
    "n": 316,
    "agreement_pct": 84.2,
    "kappa": 0.68
   },
   "uncertainty": {
    "n": 316,
    "agreement_pct": 72.5,
    "kappa": 0.48
   },
   "structure_collapsed": {
    "n": 316,
    "agreement_pct": 85.1,
    "kappa": 0.7
   },
   "legitimacy_collapsed": {
    "n": 316,
    "agreement_pct": 100.0,
    "second_coder_counts": {
     "affirmed": 246,
     "affirmed_with_caveats": 67,
     "not_addressed": 3
    }
   },
   "negative_first_paragraph": {
    "n": 312,
    "agreement_pct": 92.0,
    "kappa": 0.64
   },
   "claim_polarity": {
    "n": 1382,
    "agreement_pct": 93.2,
    "kappa": 0.89
   },
   "claim_function": {
    "n": 1382,
    "agreement_pct": 82.8,
    "kappa": 0.8
   },
   "coders": "Primary: Claude Opus; second: Claude Sonnet, blind to engine and to the primary coding of answer-level fields. Model-coded; no person coded the answers.",
   "v1_rules_vs_model": {
    "n": 312,
    "complaint_rule_agreement_pct": 95.5,
    "complaint_rule_true_but_no_negative_claim": 1,
    "complaint_rule_false_but_negative_claim": 13,
    "first_sentence_rule_agreement_pct": 96.8
   }
  },
  "support": {
   "sampled_claims": 240,
   "per_engine_sample": {
    "Perplexity": 60,
    "Gemini": 60,
    "Google AI Mode": 60,
    "ChatGPT": 60
   },
   "no_readable_source": 119,
   "judged_unusable": 8,
   "usable": 113,
   "verdicts_usable": {
    "supported": 29.2,
    "partial": 30.1,
    "not_supported": 39.8,
    "contradicted": 0.9
   },
   "supported_or_partial_pct": 59.3,
   "bounds_all_sampled_supported_or_partial": [
    27.9,
    80.8
   ],
   "by_engine": {
    "ChatGPT": {
     "sampled": 60,
     "usable": 15,
     "supported": 46.7,
     "partial": 20.0,
     "not_supported": 33.3,
     "contradicted": 0.0
    },
    "Gemini": {
     "sampled": 60,
     "usable": 54,
     "supported": 11.1,
     "partial": 35.2,
     "not_supported": 53.7,
     "contradicted": 0.0
    },
    "Perplexity": {
     "sampled": 60,
     "usable": 30,
     "supported": 50.0,
     "partial": 23.3,
     "not_supported": 26.7,
     "contradicted": 0.0
    },
    "Google AI Mode": {
     "sampled": 60,
     "usable": 14,
     "supported": 35.7,
     "partial": 35.7,
     "not_supported": 21.4,
     "contradicted": 7.1
    }
   },
   "by_polarity": {
    "positive": {
     "usable": 60,
     "supported": 30.0,
     "partial": 30.0,
     "not_supported": 40.0,
     "contradicted": 0.0
    },
    "negative": {
     "usable": 34,
     "supported": 17.6,
     "partial": 35.3,
     "not_supported": 47.1,
     "contradicted": 0.0
    }
   },
   "overgeneralized_pct_of_generalized": 71.4,
   "generalized_claims_usable": 63,
   "readable_by_domain_class": {},
   "verdicts_fetched_page": {
    "usable": 58,
    "supported": 46.6,
    "partial": 25.9,
    "not_supported": 25.9,
    "contradicted": 1.7,
    "supported_or_partial_pct": 72.4,
    "ci95_supported_or_partial": [
     62.3,
     82.5
    ]
   },
   "verdicts_quoted_passage": {
    "usable": 55,
    "supported": 10.9,
    "partial": 34.5,
    "not_supported": 54.5,
    "contradicted": 0.0,
    "supported_or_partial_pct": 45.5,
    "ci95_supported_or_partial": [
     33.3,
     57.1
    ]
   },
   "fetched_page_all_sources_readable": {
    "usable": 25,
    "supported": 64.0,
    "partial": 20.0,
    "not_supported": 16.0,
    "contradicted": 0.0,
    "supported_or_partial_pct": 84.0
   },
   "judge_agreement": {
    "n": 121,
    "exact_pct": 72.7,
    "kappa_exact": 0.62,
    "collapsed_pct": 81.8,
    "kappa_collapsed": 0.68
   }
  },
  "page_fetch": {
   "urls": 2414,
   "readable": 931,
   "readable_pct": 38.6,
   "by_class": {
    "Another company\u2019s website": 63.6,
    "Review or complaint platform": 6.6,
    "Consumer advocacy nonprofit": 86.7,
    "Government or regulator": 35.0,
    "News media": 73.8,
    "Editorial review or comparison site": 57.3,
    "Encyclopedia or scholarly reference": 79.2,
    "Forum, social or video": 2.2
   },
   "gemini_quoted_passages": 568
  }
 },
 "version_1_0_statistics": {
  "collected": "2026-09-26",
  "answers": 316,
  "brands": 79,
  "brands_by_group": {
   "widely named": 40,
   "named by one": 39
  },
  "names_changed_by_hand": 21,
  "by_engine": {
   "ChatGPT": {
    "answers": 79,
    "first_sentence_affirms_legitimate": 88.6,
    "discusses complaints or negative reviews": 98.7,
    "lawsuits, fines or regulators": 7.6,
    "fees, billing or cancellation problems": 27.8,
    "customer service complaints": 24.1,
    "names a Trustpilot or BBB rating": 88.6,
    "cites Reddit or forum opinion": 12.7,
    "cites_review_platform": 92.4,
    "cites_trustpilot": 68.4,
    "cites_bbb": 73.4,
    "cites_reddit": 11.4,
    "cites_own_site": 49.4,
    "median_sources": 6
   },
   "Gemini": {
    "answers": 79,
    "first_sentence_affirms_legitimate": 98.7,
    "discusses complaints or negative reviews": 94.9,
    "lawsuits, fines or regulators": 1.3,
    "fees, billing or cancellation problems": 26.6,
    "customer service complaints": 22.8,
    "names a Trustpilot or BBB rating": 67.1,
    "cites Reddit or forum opinion": 24.1,
    "cites_review_platform": 74.7,
    "cites_trustpilot": 34.2,
    "cites_bbb": 17.7,
    "cites_reddit": 19.0,
    "cites_own_site": 19.0,
    "median_sources": 4
   },
   "Perplexity": {
    "answers": 79,
    "first_sentence_affirms_legitimate": 98.7,
    "discusses complaints or negative reviews": 100.0,
    "lawsuits, fines or regulators": 7.6,
    "fees, billing or cancellation problems": 31.6,
    "customer service complaints": 46.8,
    "names a Trustpilot or BBB rating": 87.3,
    "cites Reddit or forum opinion": 1.3,
    "cites_review_platform": 97.5,
    "cites_trustpilot": 84.8,
    "cites_bbb": 73.4,
    "cites_reddit": 27.8,
    "cites_own_site": 75.9,
    "median_sources": 18
   },
   "Google AI Mode": {
    "answers": 79,
    "first_sentence_affirms_legitimate": 97.5,
    "discusses complaints or negative reviews": 89.9,
    "lawsuits, fines or regulators": 1.3,
    "fees, billing or cancellation problems": 25.3,
    "customer service complaints": 26.6,
    "names a Trustpilot or BBB rating": 82.3,
    "cites Reddit or forum opinion": 53.2,
    "cites_review_platform": 96.2,
    "cites_trustpilot": 75.9,
    "cites_bbb": 40.5,
    "cites_reddit": 40.5,
    "cites_own_site": 15.2,
    "median_sources": 4
   }
  },
  "overall": {
   "first_sentence_affirms_legitimate": 95.9,
   "discusses complaints or negative reviews": 95.9,
   "lawsuits, fines or regulators": 4.4,
   "fees, billing or cancellation problems": 27.8,
   "customer service complaints": 30.1,
   "names a Trustpilot or BBB rating": 81.3,
   "cites Reddit or forum opinion": 22.8,
   "cites_review_platform": 90.2,
   "cites_trustpilot": 65.8,
   "cites_bbb": 51.3,
   "cites_reddit": 24.7,
   "cites_own_site": 39.9
  },
  "by_group": {
   "widely named": {
    "first_sentence_affirms_legitimate": 98.1,
    "discusses complaints or negative reviews": 97.5,
    "lawsuits, fines or regulators": 5.6,
    "fees, billing or cancellation problems": 34.4,
    "customer service complaints": 32.5,
    "names a Trustpilot or BBB rating": 80.6,
    "cites Reddit or forum opinion": 26.2,
    "cites_review_platform": 91.2,
    "cites_trustpilot": 67.5,
    "cites_bbb": 53.1,
    "cites_reddit": 26.9,
    "cites_own_site": 45.6
   },
   "named by one": {
    "first_sentence_affirms_legitimate": 93.6,
    "discusses complaints or negative reviews": 94.2,
    "lawsuits, fines or regulators": 3.2,
    "fees, billing or cancellation problems": 21.2,
    "customer service complaints": 27.6,
    "names a Trustpilot or BBB rating": 82.1,
    "cites Reddit or forum opinion": 19.2,
    "cites_review_platform": 89.1,
    "cites_trustpilot": 64.1,
    "cites_bbb": 49.4,
    "cites_reddit": 22.4,
    "cites_own_site": 34.0
   }
  },
  "top_domains_share_of_answers": [
   [
    "trustpilot.com",
    208,
    65.8
   ],
   [
    "bbb.org",
    162,
    51.3
   ],
   [
    "reddit.com",
    78,
    24.7
   ],
   [
    "consumeraffairs.com",
    71,
    22.5
   ],
   [
    "forbes.com",
    49,
    15.5
   ],
   [
    "wikipedia.org",
    37,
    11.7
   ],
   [
    "nerdwallet.com",
    32,
    10.1
   ],
   [
    "g2.com",
    30,
    9.5
   ],
   [
    "pissedconsumer.com",
    21,
    6.6
   ],
   [
    "capterra.com",
    20,
    6.3
   ],
   [
    "usnews.com",
    16,
    5.1
   ],
   [
    "marketwatch.com",
    16,
    5.1
   ],
   [
    "google.com",
    15,
    4.7
   ],
   [
    "businessinsider.com",
    14,
    4.4
   ],
   [
    "yahoo.com",
    12,
    3.8
   ],
   [
    "yelp.com",
    11,
    3.5
   ],
   [
    "cnbc.com",
    10,
    3.2
   ],
   [
    "complaintsboard.com",
    10,
    3.2
   ],
   [
    "bankrate.com",
    10,
    3.2
   ],
   [
    "youtube.com",
    9,
    2.8
   ]
  ],
  "by_engine_top_domains": {
   "ChatGPT": [
    [
     "bbb.org",
     58
    ],
    [
     "trustpilot.com",
     54
    ],
    [
     "consumeraffairs.com",
     19
    ],
    [
     "g2.com",
     9
    ],
    [
     "reddit.com",
     9
    ],
    [
     "capterra.com",
     7
    ],
    [
     "sec.gov",
     4
    ],
    [
     "ambest.com",
     4
    ]
   ],
   "Gemini": [
    [
     "trustpilot.com",
     27
    ],
    [
     "reddit.com",
     15
    ],
    [
     "bbb.org",
     14
    ],
    [
     "consumeraffairs.com",
     14
    ],
    [
     "pissedconsumer.com",
     13
    ],
    [
     "forbes.com",
     12
    ],
    [
     "google.com",
     4
    ],
    [
     "youtube.com",
     4
    ]
   ],
   "Perplexity": [
    [
     "trustpilot.com",
     67
    ],
    [
     "bbb.org",
     58
    ],
    [
     "forbes.com",
     36
    ],
    [
     "consumeraffairs.com",
     31
    ],
    [
     "wikipedia.org",
     29
    ],
    [
     "nerdwallet.com",
     24
    ],
    [
     "reddit.com",
     22
    ],
    [
     "marketwatch.com",
     13
    ]
   ],
   "Google AI Mode": [
    [
     "trustpilot.com",
     60
    ],
    [
     "reddit.com",
     32
    ],
    [
     "bbb.org",
     32
    ],
    [
     "g2.com",
     9
    ],
    [
     "nerdwallet.com",
     7
    ],
    [
     "consumeraffairs.com",
     7
    ],
    [
     "pissedconsumer.com",
     7
    ],
    [
     "capterra.com",
     6
    ]
   ]
  },
  "flag_audit": {
   "complaints": "8 of 8 sampled matches discuss complaints (one describes low complaint levels, so the flag measures discussion, not verdict)",
   "customer_service": "8 of 8 sampled matches are complaints about service",
   "fees_billing": "8 of 8 sampled matches are fee, billing or cancellation problems",
   "lawsuits": "all 14 matches reviewed: 13 describe legal or regulatory action against the brand; 1 refers to a different company",
   "audited_by": "Underneath research (hand check), 2026-09-26",
   "first_sentence_affirms": "rule revised twice after reading samples; remaining non-matches reviewed by hand: preambles (e.g. \u2018I\u2019ll check\u2026\u2019), local branch lists, or question headings with no verdict in the first sentence"
  }
 }
}