{
 "question": "How do conventional local-search visibility, recommendation selection, listing-data representation, recommendation-set stability and citation traceability relate to one another in ChatGPT local recommendations?",
 "population": "120 questions 'Who is the best {service} in {city}?' (five services, six cities in each of the US, UK, Canada and Australia) asked of the ChatGPT consumer app via DataForSEO LLM Scraper: 26 September 2026 (1 run) and 27 September 2026 (3 runs plus one run of each of four rewordings), 960 answers; Google Maps top 20 for 'best {service} in {city}' on each date.",
 "inclusion": "Every answer (including answers without a list or citations) and every business listed (12,271 listings).",
 "exclusion": "",
 "calculations": [
  "Same business, same location: candidates share the listing's website domain, name or phone; a street or postcode conflict means another location of the same company (not present); a matching street, phone or (UK, Canada) postcode confirms the branch; a phone-only candidate needs the same street.",
  "Concordance: among present listings, each displayed field identical to the Maps entry.",
  "Coverage in both directions: ChatGPT listings present in the Maps top 20; Maps top-k entries listed per answer, over all answers and over answers with a list.",
  "Set stability: Jaccard index of two answers' business sets (business = Maps place when present, else phone, else name and street); attribute stability: fields identical for the same business in two answers.",
  "Ordering: Spearman and Kendall correlation of ChatGPT position and Maps rank per answer with at least 3 present businesses.",
  "Citation traceability: a listing is traceable when a page the same answer cites contains its full normalized name or website domain; listings are classed traceable, not traceable, partly undetermined, undetermined or no citations, and bounds are reported.",
  "Uncertainty: 95% bootstrap intervals resampling the 120 questions (2,000 resamples, seed 20260927); paired differences with sign-flip permutation tests and Holm correction within each family."
 ],
 "limitations": [
  "Two dates at different times of day; a day effect cannot be separated from ordinary variation.",
  "The consumer app shows neither retrieval nor context; Maps presence is conventional-search visibility, and selection is not explained.",
  "Agreement with Google Maps does not identify the data provider.",
  "Validation was coded by two AI models; a human sample was drawn but not coded.",
  "For chains, the cited-page check is company level.",
  "Cited pages were fetched on 27 September; 383 of 1,424 could not be read.",
  "Google Maps results were collected at country level."
 ],
 "update": "quarterly",
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "Dataset",
 "name": "ChatGPT local recommendations: stable details, shifting lists",
 "version": "1.2",
 "dateCreated": "2026-09-26",
 "creator": {
  "@type": "Organization",
  "name": "Underneath",
  "url": "https://underneath.agency"
 },
 "url": "https://underneath.agency/research/chatgpt-local-recommendations-study",
 "temporalCoverage": "2026-09-26/2026-09-27",
 "isAccessibleForFree": true,
 "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
 "code": "cite/pipeline/ (collection, validation and analysis scripts)",
 "variableMeasured": [
  "v1_2 (every statistic on the page)",
  "statistics (version 1.0 figures, v1 matching rule)"
 ],
 "dateModified": "2026-09-28"
}