{
 "question": "Among pages ranking in the top 10 for the same Google search, which traits go with being cited by the AI Overview, with being its first source, and with having the wording of the passages that cite them found on the page; and which of those associations survive comparison within the same search?",
 "population": "Top-10 organic pages for the 486 keywords in study 4 that showed an AI Overview, excluding platform pages (YouTube, Reddit, Facebook, Google and other social sites); pages fetched on 2026-09-26. Stages 2 and 3 use the 870 cited pages that the AI Overview text links inline.",
 "inclusion": "Pages returning HTML of at least 2,000 characters (plain HTTP, or Firecrawl when blocked).",
 "exclusion": "Pages that could not be fetched (reported).",
 "calculations": [
  "Stage 1 (citation): linear probability model, cited ~ 14 page features + organic-position dummies (2 to 10) + word-count quartile, with search fixed effects (each page compared only with pages on the same results page). Features entered together and one at a time.",
  "Stage 2 (prominence): first source = the page is the first URL linked in the AI Overview text; passage share = share of the answer's cited passages that link the page. Same model among cited pages.",
  "Stage 3 (absorption, lexical proxy): for each passage that links the page, the share of its content words (stop words removed, 3+ letters) found anywhere in the page's visible text; a passage counts as absorbed at 80% or more. Baseline = the same passages scored against the uncited top-10 pages of the same search. Verbatim share = share of the passage's 5-word sequences found on the page.",
  "Intervals: 1,000 bootstrap resamples of whole searches (seed 20260928); two-sided bootstrap p-values, Holm-adjusted across the 14 features. Robustness: resampling by domain instead of search; excluding pages fetched through Firecrawl.",
  "Interactions: version 1.0 band-adjusted differences within DataForSEO keyword-intent groups (informational; commercial or transactional), with a bootstrap interval for the gap; feature x top-3 terms in the stage 1 model.",
  "Negative result: an association counts as absent when the within-search 95% interval lies inside plus or minus 5 points and the Holm-adjusted p-value exceeds 0.05.",
  "Version 1.0 method (kept for comparison): difference between cited and uncited shares within position bands 1-3, 4-6, 7-10, weighted by band size."
 ],
 "limitations": [
  "Observational: P(cited | feature) is measured, not P(cited | feature added). No page was changed.",
  "One results page per search on one day; run-to-run and week-to-week stability are not measured.",
  "Retrieval is not observed: pages outside the top 10, and Google's candidate set, are not seen.",
  "Absorption is a lexical proxy; it does not check that the answer states what the page says (fidelity), and paraphrase lowers it.",
  "Site authority, topic and content quality are not controlled beyond comparison within the same search and position.",
  "Fetch success differs by site; pages behind bot protection are under-represented.",
  "Declared dates can be updated without real content changes."
 ],
 "update": "quarterly",
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "Dataset",
 "name": "What pages cited by AI Overviews have in common: 3,096 pages",
 "version": "1.1",
 "dateCreated": "2026-09-26",
 "creator": {
  "@type": "Organization",
  "name": "Underneath",
  "url": "https://underneath.agency"
 },
 "url": "https://underneath.agency/research/ai-overview-cited-pages-study",
 "temporalCoverage": "2026-09-26",
 "isAccessibleForFree": true,
 "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
 "code": "cite/pipeline/s10_v11.py, s10_v11_package.py (version 1.1); crawl_pages.py, analyze_pages.py, derive_pages.py (version 1.0)",
 "variableMeasured": [
  "cited",
  "organic_position",
  "first_source",
  "passage_share",
  "coverage",
  "absorbed",
  "verbatim5",
  "keyword_intent",
  "has_question_heading",
  "has_date",
  "updated_90d",
  "faq_schema",
  "org_schema",
  "article_schema",
  "author_signal",
  "review_schema",
  "video_schema",
  "product_schema",
  "local_schema",
  "breadcrumb_schema",
  "faq_heading",
  "has_table",
  "words"
 ],
 "dateModified": "2026-09-28"
}